1) Flash a Linux kernel, usually to recovery, in order to be able to boot to Linux
2) Copy a Linux Root File System (RFS) into a MicroSD card for the OS to boot from
This post is about Step 2.
Why can't we use official distributions?
Basically because most distros are [easily] available for x86 CPUs (x86, amd64, ...), not ARM CPUs (armel, armhf). And then, when you find it compiled for ARM, there are some little extras to be done, like copying your kernel's modules into it, and throwing it all into a MicroSD card.
Hence, we are currently forced to choose among static RFS that fellow developers have made available and can update only on their free time, which isn't much. These are:
- Picuntu, from Alok Sinha
- Ubuntu 12.10 RFS, from linuxium
- Home.io, from JustinTime4Tea
These RFS are all just the Ubuntu distribution, sometimes with a different name (Xubuntu in the case of Picuntu, Ubuntu in the case of Home.io), though they usually include extras like:
- The modules (drivers) for many devices (needed for many, but not all, USB gadgets)
- The Flash video ARM support solution I posted here
However let's face it, you are forced to use Ubuntu, and then you depend on the maintainer's free time to grab the latest version of Ubuntu, add the above extras and publish it so you can use it.
Your own Linux distribution's RFS
Here I am going to show how to create your own RFS by grabbing whatever version of Ubuntu (and with few changes any other distro, like Arch Linux, OpenSUSE, CentOS, just click on the link to be taken to the specific distro's instructions), and create a RFS to use on a MicroSD card to boot Linux your ARM stick/box. Or to flash the same RFS into your device's Nand Flash chip and avoid the SD card altogether.
Getting an up-to-date official distribution, for ARM
The first thing is getting the Linux distribution (all the programs that make up your booted up Linux: from the "ls" commandline, to the GNOME desktop and the LibreOffice suite) already compiled for ARM devices, instead of the usual x86 for PCs.
This is not difficult since, actually, Linaro is doing just that!
If you want a desktop environment (XFCE, Gnome, KDE, etc.) you have two options:
Option 1) Easy way: (Older version but everything done) Head over to:
http://www.linaro.org/downloads/Look for "Ubuntu Desktop" in the "Developers and Community Builds" section and click on any of the boards that support it on the right (Origen, Panda, etc. doesn't matter). At the time of writing (Nov 2013) this will redirect you to this page:
http://releases.linaro.org/12.11/ubuntu/precise-images/ubuntu-desktopSo the latest version with the desktop already installed is Ubuntu 12.11, you'll have to install this one in your SD and upgrade to the latest version after booting. Download the biggest .tar.gz file, in my case 473 MB of:
http://releases.linaro.org/12.11/ubuntu/precise-images/ubuntu-desktop/linaro-precise-ubuntu-desktop-20121124-560.tar.gzOption 2) Manual way (Newer version, but starts with a commandline Linux): You can get the cutting edge latest version of Ubuntu, it will be small and fast but you'll have to type a few more commands, after booting it, in order to install a desktop. Go here:
http://releases.linaro.org/And click in the folder link of the latest version number ("13.11" for me). A new page appears where you have to select "ubuntu", in the next page select the link that ends in "-images" (prefix depends on Ubuntu's version name, in this case it's "raring-images"), and finally select the version link that you want (nano / developer / server) to get its .tar.gz file.
All three are the same Linux but each one with different sets of packages already installed. They are:
- nano (around 50 MB) gives you a command-line with very very few things (not even a vi/vim/nano editor!), with this version you'll need a network connection (care for /etc/network/interfaces and such) soon enough, to start cranking "apt-get install" for all the little apps.
- developer (around 140 MB) a usable command-line with most things you'll need to comfortably start working and changing whatever configuration. However, IMHO, it includes many packages for software development, while lacking some others more typical of a generic user system.
- server (around 130 MB) a usable command-line with all you need for a quick setup of a desktop environment resembling a PC with Ubuntu. Even if you are a developer you can later install all the packages you need. This is the one I recommend.
N.B.: Compare the *.packages files to get a glimpse for yourself of what's inside each version.
So, following the recommendation we would download this file for the latest Ubuntu 13.11 (Nov 2013, or else go into the page above and get yourself the latest and very best.
Getting the RFS into the MicroSD card (or flash)
First of all introduce the MicroSD card into your PC to partition it in the way that the kernel expects it (please don't use partition utilities, they won't do it!).
Let's say that the MicroSD appears at the folder "/mnt/whatever_folder", then type the following command to know the device name:
df -h | grep whatever_folderYou should see a line somewhat like this:
/dev/sdg1 7,3G 612M 6,4G 9% /mnt/whatever_folderNow that we know the MicroSD is in "/dev/sdg" (remove the number!!) unmount the MicroSD:
sudo umount /mnt/whatever_folderAnd the most important step to avoid later problems: partition & format in this one step:
mkfs.ext4 -F -L linuxroot /dev/sdgWhich labels it "linuxroot" and at "/dev/mmcblk0", where the kernel expects it (CMDLINE), instead of where a partition tool would place it (at "/dev/mmcblk0p1").
SIDE-NOTE ONLY FOR USING INTERNAL FLASH INSTEAD OF A MICROSD:
If you want your RFS to be in your device's Flash chip, and 1) have flashed the right parms, 2) have a kernel with the right CMDLINE for those parms, 3) the kernel has an initramfs.cpio with rknand...ko, then the you have to format it with this command: "mkfs.ext4 /dev/mtdblock0" (mtdblock number is that of your [big] partition).
It may take a couple minutes and when finished you should mount it and start following these steps:
1) Become root (necessary to keep file permissions in the RFS!)
sudo su -2) Go to the folder where the SD card (or flash) is mounted:
cd /mnt/whatever_folder3) Extract the downloaded ARM RFS in it:
tar xvfz /home/username/Downloads/linaro-raring-server-20131124-562.tar.gz4) Since the Linaro .tar.gz contains the RFS inside a folder named "binary", we have to move its contents to the real root of the SD card and then remove the, now empty, "binary" folder:
mv binary/* .5) If you are doing this process on a PC, you have to uncompress the modules+firmware file (that came with the kernel you flashed into your stick) into the "/mnt/whatever_folder/lib/" folder.
rmdir binary
Or, if you are on an ARM stick, you can just copy your own modules (drivers) and firmware to the new RFS so you have everything from the beginning:
mkdir ./lib/modulesAnd it won't hurt to copy the library for playing Adobe Flash videos (think YouTube) in ARM (and all the Flash ads and websites, of course):
cp -R /lib/modules/* ./lib/modules
cp -R /lib/firmware/* ./lib/firmware
cp /usr/lib/libpepflashplayer.so ./usr/lib/If you didn't have it, follow this quick post.
6) You may also want to "touch" certain files to make sure networking works out of the box. For example, if you have an Ethernet connection in your ARM device, then modify the /mnt/whatever_folder/etc/network/interfaces file to add these lines:
auto eth07) It's always a good idea to end operations with this command (to finish all write operations):
iface eth0 inet dhcp
sync
You can unmount that MicroSD, because it's ready to boot. If you installed the desktop version the easy way, that's it.
However, if you installed a trimmed commandline version the manual way, you should continue reading the following section.
Getting a desktop environment
Once you boot your device with the created MicroSD card, your first task is to check the network connection. For example type:
apt-get updateIf the software repositories start updating, you're good to go. If there is no connectivity: Internet is full of Q&A about networking in Linux :)
Now, with Internet on, in order to install a desktop environment, in my case XFCE (the one used in Xubuntu), I would just type this:
apt-get install xubuntu-desktopAnd when asked, say Yes to downloading >400 MB of packages that will use up >1 GB of space when installed, but will land me on the very latest desktop environment for an ARM PC, whatever your CPU (Rockchip, Allwinner, Samsung, ...).
Sorry if it took too long to explain something that is actually simple, but everybody is welcome!
The more users discover that a tiny and cheap stick/TV-box is actually a full-fledged low to mid-end PC (without the noise, size, and the Watts!), the better for all!
